Standards: Math
Apply the general Multiplication Rule in a uniform probability model, P(A and B) = [P(A)]x[P(B|A)] =[P(B)]x[P(A|B)], and interpret the answer in terms of the model.*
Use permutations and combinations to compute probabilities of compound events and solve problems.*
Understand statistics as a process for making inferences about population parameters based on a random sample from that population.*
Decide if a specified model is consistent with results from a given data-generating process, e.g., using simulation. For example, a model says a spinning coin falls heads up with probability 0. 5. Would a result of 5 tails in a row cause you to question the model?*
Recognize the purposes of and differences among sample surveys, experiments, and observational studies; explain how randomization relates to each.*
Use data from a sample survey to estimate a population mean or proportion; develop a margin of error through the use of simulation models for random sampling.*
Use data from a randomized experiment to compare two treatments; use simulations to decide if differences between parameters are significant.*
Evaluate reports based on data.*
Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).*
Use statistics appropriate to the shape of the data distribution to compare center (median, mean) and spread (interquartile range, standard deviation) of two or more different data sets.*
Interpret differences in shape, center, and spread in the context of the data sets, accounting for possible effects of extreme data points (outliers).*
Use the mean and standard deviation of a data set to fit it to a normal distribution and to estimate population percentages. Recognize that there are data sets for which such a procedure is not appropriate. Use calculators, spreadsheets, and tables to estimate areas under the normal curve.*
Summarize categorical data for two categories in two-way frequency tables. Interpret relative frequencies in the context of the data (including joint, marginal, and conditional relative frequencies). Recognize possible associations and trends in the data.*
Represent data on two quantitative variables on a scatter plot, and describe how the variables are related.*
Fit a function to the data; use functions fitted to data to solve problems in the context of the data. Use given functions or choose a function suggested by the context. Emphasize linear, quadratic, and exponential models.*